ENV 101 Exam 3 Essays

ENV 101 Exam 3 Essays ENV 101 Exam 3 Paper ENV 101 Exam 3 Paper Article Topic: The Secret Life Of Bees The World Health Organization views wellbeing as fundamentally an issue of______ prosperity. Physical, mental and social Generally, the best dangers to human wellbeing originated from Pathogenic living beings ______, rather than______ are turning into the main sources of incapacity and unexpected passing around the world. Interminable conditions, for example, cardiovascular ailment; irresistible ailments, for example, jungle fever Irresistible maladies, for example, looseness of the bowels are firmly connected to Lack of healthy sustenance Risky substances______ while poisons are______. Are hazardous substances; noxious substances Harmful substances are hazardous on the grounds that they Respond or meddle with explicit cell capacities Which of the accompanying practices contributes the least to anti-microbial or pesticide opposition? An individual takes the full course of the proper anti-infection when she has a bacterial contamination Among the most significant attributes of synthetic compounds in deciding their natural dangers is/are These The biomagnification of DDT shows that Higher trophic level life forms can move poisons in a sort of reverse natural pyramid. The vast majority do their very own hazard appraisals dependent on Individual inclinations and inclinations just as rationale Undernourished guardians regularly bring up youngsters who are undernourished in light of the fact that the guardians These are purposes behind the endless loop Food security has to do with The capacity of a populace to get food on an everyday premise Individuals can endure malnourishment in the event that they expend huge sums of_____instead of______. Fat and sugar; nutrients and protein Individuals who stay alive on dull nourishments, for example, cassava, potatoes and white rice Frequently get inadequate protein The three harvests that people depend on for most of supplements and calories are Wheat, rice and maize (corn) Most people depend on only a couple of th eworlds creature and plant species for food in light of the fact that solitary a couple Food types are what we are acclimated with eating Which of the accompanying doesn't depict the status of the universes wild fisheries? Fish cultivating has permitted wild fish to recoup around the world Which of coming up next is the most right meaning of soil? These enough portray soil The basic natural segment of soil that gives it its structure is named Humus Topsoil contains dominatingly Blended natural material and mineral particles In created nations, the latest increments in rural efficiency have originated from New harvest assortments About what part of world freshwater withdrawals is utilized for agribusiness? 3/4 Which is the best editing technique for lessening disintegration? Turning corn, wheat and clover Which of the accompanying uses minimal measure of vitality in industrialized cultivating rehearses? Drying the yields Green compost is Green plants, particularly vegetables that are planted and afterward furrowed under Around the world, customary and local assortments of food crops have______ since the presentation of green transformation assortments. Been generally supplanted by new assortments Fifty years prior, there were a few hundred assortments of wheat developed in teh Middle East. No a couple of the more present day high responder assortments have supplanted the indigenous species. What are the ramifications of this change? Hereditary assets are lessened and a plague of wheat malady is almost certain because of the dependence on barely any species The main hereditarily altered creature for human utilization is a salmon with additional development hormones. Which of coming up next isn't a worry about this creature? These are for the most part stresses over the GM salmon Which of coming up next is the most ideal approach to guarantee soil wellbeing? Strip cultivating and leaving deposits on fields after collect The advantages of leaving crop buildups on a field after reap incorporate These are right One of the biological advantages related with aquaculture is the natural material created from the aquaculture tanks. The supplements increment the wellbeing and efficiency of the encompassing normal biological system. Bogus Farming cropland is contracting around the world. Valid Purchasing conceal developed espresso and cocoa minimally affects nearby biological systems where they are developed. Valid Terracing is more supportable than regular cultivating, but on the other hand is increasingly costly. Valid Rural (ranch) appropriations are particularly successful in helping safeguard little family cultivates. Bogus Bug life forms will in general be Generalist species Of the a great many living animal types, about ____ cause 90 percent of the overall harvest harm. 100 Critical horticultural fiscal misfortunes are because of the demolition of _____ through pesticide splash float and buildups on blossoms. Bumble bees The majority of the pesticides applied in the United States are utilized in Horticulture Normal natural pesticides are most certainly not These are qualities of normal natural pesticides As far as horticulture, pesticides have lead to _____ for shoppers These are right Around ______ percent of the pesticides we use never arrive at the proposed target. 90 For what reason are vermin predator populaces so unfavorably influenced by wide range pesticides? Predators in higher trophic levels are bound to be cleared out than lower trophic levels As indicated by your educator, what are the two kinds of â€Å"overpopulation† which natural science must battle with? individuals and utilization Up until now, as depicted in â€Å"The Last Straw,† there have been no endeavors to put dams on the Indus River in Kashmir to expand Pakistan’s water security in light of the fact that: Pakistan fears these dams could be utilized as weapons if there should be an occurrence of war with India. The Indus Waters Treaty, as brought up in â€Å"The Last Straw,† has endure almost 50 years and three wars among India and Pakistan. Valid As communicated in â€Å"How to Stop Climate Change: The Easy Way,† such critical conditions in the Earth’s framework as the breakdown of the Amazon rainforest, or the arrival of methane from defrosting Siberian permafrost, speak to the intersection of: tipping focuses As brought out in â€Å"How to Stop Climate Change: The Easy Way,† thinking about the relative outcomes, the creator would prefer to see China building two atomic reactors week after week than two: coal-terminated plants As contended in â€Å"How to Stop Climate Change: The Easy Way,† with regards to an unnatural weather change, numerous individuals, subliminally at any rate, really need to be deceived: Valid As referenced in â€Å"Global Warming Battlefields,† Al Gore was perceived for his endeavors to bring issues to light about an unnatural weather change when he shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with: IPCC As related in â€Å"Global Warming Battlefields,† a developing assemblage of proof proposes that extreme atmosphere changes have would in general increment the danger of asset related clash, as was evident during 1300-1700, a range of time known as the: Little Ice Age As noted in â€Å"Global Warming Battlefields,† much examination has been dedicated to the reasons for state breakdown and the ascent of ethnic civilian armies, however no exploration has recognized an unmistakable, reliable arrangement of precipitation factors. Valid As expressed in â€Å"Executive Summary from Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity,† the class of creatures whose part face the most serious danger of termination is: creatures of land and water As stated in â€Å"Executive Summary from Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity,† the soonest and most serious effects of sensational biodiversity misfortune and the going with debasement of environment administrations would be looked by: poor people As indicated by â€Å"Executive Summary from Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity,† in certain situations, environmental change can be relieved while keeping up and in any event, extending the current degree of timberlands and other characteristic environments while staying away from extra living space misfortune. valid As indicated by â€Å"When Diversity Vanishes,† the most emotional assorted variety breakdown: are mass annihilations As revealed in â€Å"When Diversity Vanishes,† in fund, expansion lessens chance by: spreading cash among resources that react distinctively during market moves As called attention to in â€Å"When Diversity Vanishes,† in master judgment, the normal judgment of a gathering is better t

Jean Watson’s Caring Theory an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

Jean Watson’s Caring Theory Conceptual Need paper test on Jean Watsons Caring Theory subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue Nursing speculations are verifiably being underestimated on the grounds that they are not yet realities. Little do these individuals realize that without nursing hypotheses, social insurance would not be as productive and successful as it is today. Along these lines, this paper is intended to welcome the hypothesis with Jean Watson as defender. Her hypothesis on caring will demonstrate how significant it is for medical attendants to demonstrate worry to their patients. The relationship of the medical caretaker and the patient is essential in the recuperation and mending phase of the patient, and this hypothesis clarifies all the reasons why. Our Customers Often Tell EssayLab journalists: I'm not in the state of mind to compose my article. Be that as it may, I need to invest energy with my better half Proficient essayists propose: Write a Good Thesis Statement Presentation Nursing hypotheses are significant in social insurance, and not a great deal of attendants and other clinical experts realize that. Some of them feel that nursing hypotheses are just for school, in which understudy medical caretakers survey these for a long test or a basic class recitation. Nursing hypotheses are as significant as nursing realities in light of the fact that without these speculations, medical caretakers would not have the option to completely apply what they have realized in school. One of the best scholars of all occasions is Jean Watson. She is known for her Theory of Caring. Before Jean Watsons Caring Theory is talked about, it will assist with realizing the scholars foundation first. Watson is a nursing researcher who presently dwells in Boulder, Colorado yet was brought up in West Virginia (McEwen and Willis, 2007, p. 191). She had her college degree at the University of Colorado where she completed brain research and nursing. Her want information showed when she completed her lords degree. She had mental psychological wellness nursing as her MA, and instructive brain science and directing as her Ph.D (McEwen and Willis, 2007, p. 191). At the School of Nursing in University of Colorado, Watson is the Murchinson-Scoville Chair in Caring Science and furthermore a Distinguished Professor in Nursing. She is the author of the Colorados Center for Human Caring (McEwen and Willis, 2007, p. 191). She is likewise subsidiary to the American Academy of Nursing and it is nothing unexpected that she has gotten various privileged doctoral degrees and different distinctions both from the national and the worldwide scene (McEwen and Willis, 2007, p. 191). Due to her hypothesis of human mindful, and her ways of thinking that molded her assessments and bits of knowledge, Jean Watson had the option to distribute a book clarifying her hypothesis. Today, her hypothesis is being educated in schools. Medical caretakers from the various pieces of the globe study her contemplations and experiences (McEwen and Willis, 2007, p. 191). As indicated by Jean Watson, her hypothesis is limited by three essential components. The principal component is the carative factor. With regards to caractive factor, Watson remembers ten stages for her hypothetical structure (McEwen and Willis, 2007, p. 191). The Caractive Factor These ten stages incorporate charitable and humanistic arrangement of qualities, nearness of expectation and love, being touchy not exclusively to oneself yet in addition to others, encouraging connections that are reliable and accommodating, communicating emotions which can either be certain or contrary, having the option to realize how to take care of issues and be minding simultaneously, how to learn and how to instruct in a transpersonal way, building up a steady domain, having the option to help the necessities of individual people and ultimately, being delicate to powers that are profound, phenomenological and existential (Johnson and Bayliss, 2004, p. 173). As Watson built up her hypothesis, she made it known the possibility of clinical caritas process which is presently what individuals concentrate in lieu of her caractive variables. With these new procedures, it very well may be seen that there is a bigger and increasingly tremendous otherworldly measurement included. Caritas is a Greek word that way to offer consideration, to love or to treasure. Presently, underneath are a few manners by which Watson applies the caractive factors in thinking about clinical patients (Johnson and Bayliss, 2004, p. 173). Caritas can be applied when rehearsing adoration, poise and thoughtfulness up to an attendant is under cognizant mindful. A medical attendant ought to likewise be available in light of the fact that the one being dealt with must have their emotional world and conviction framework bolstered and empowered. Patients must be instructed how to support and build up their transpersonal selves, their otherworldly practices, sympathy and the way they are touchy with others (Johnson and Bayliss, 2004, p. 173). Caring relationship must be created consistently, and must be continued with trust and a helping domain. It is likewise critical to help and know about how a patient communicates sentiments, be it negative or positive, all together for the patient to be nearer with their internal identity (Johnson and Bayliss, 2004, p. 173). Obviously, along these lines, the holding between the medical attendant and the patient is likewise developed. To appropriately think about the patient, it is critical to be innovative, as well, since along these lines, the medical caretaker will without a doubt need to discover approaches to realize how to think about the patient in a superior manner. Inventiveness is significant with regards to mending and caring practices (Johnson and Bayliss, 2004, p. 173). Obviously, caring is a workmanship, so inventiveness is required in this hypothesis. It is additionally essential to take part in a genuine encounter limited by instructing and learning. In a genuine educating learning experience, the medical caretaker must have the option to tell the patient how to join meaning and being and simultaneously, the attendant ought to likewise have the option to show the patient to remain inside the casing of reference of others (Johnson and Bayliss, 2004, p. 173). A mending domain is likewise significant for a patient, be it a physical or a non-physical condition. The recuperating condition must be described by harmony, poise, comfort, magnificence, completeness, cognizance and obviously, vitality (Johnson and Bayliss, 2004, p. 173). Helping the patient with their fundamental needs is additionally pivotal, on the grounds that this is the place a medical attendant oversees the basics of human consideration. At the point when these fundamentals are utilized, it consequently implies that the psyche, body and soul of the patient are totally joined together. The individual needs to comprehend the solidarity of being and completeness (Marriner-Tomey and Alligood, 2006, p. 105). Along these lines, the medical attendant can develop the rise of the soul, and take care of the typified soul in a patient. Human consideration in Watson's hypothesis is thusly about thinking about the wiped out, however for giving grace and worry for the spirit (Marriner-Tomey and Alligood, 2006, p. 105). The Transpersonal Caring Relationship The second component of Watsons hypothesis is the transpersonal caring relationship. Transpersonal caring relationship, as indicated by Watson, centers not around customary consideration, however on a unique one that depends on the accompanying: the ethical duty of the attendant with regards to protecting human pride and profound self, and that is only one (Marriner-Tomey and Alligood, 2006, p. 105). The mindful cognizance of the medical attendant which the person in question communicates so as to respect and safeguard oneself and the spirit, in this way not diminishing the point of view for an individual into somebody with an ethical status of a material thing is another. The mindful awareness of the medical caretaker is likewise required with regards to mending on the grounds that with this procedure, what happens are association that is deliberate alongside recognition and experience (Marriner-Tomey and Alligood, 2006, p. 105). Transpersonal relationship is about how a medical caretaker doesn't just manage target appraisal however past it also. A medical caretaker should think about the more profound significance of the patient's medicinal services. The person should comprehend the emotional piece of the patient's character. An attendant doesn't possibly help the specialist or help the patient when taking in medication. A medical caretaker is additionally answerable for helping the patient get their point of view and along these lines, the commonality between the patient and the attendant is better valued (Marriner-Tomey and Alligood, 2006, p. 105). Commonality, obviously, must be accomplished the entire time since this is critical to the relationship as the patient is mending and recuperating. Accordingly, one is known as the mindful one, and the other is alluded to as the one being thought about. The two of them associate with search for completeness and importance (Marriner-Tomey and Alligood, 2006, p. 105). What is genuinely accomplished in this association is torment's otherworldly amazing quality. Why, at that point, is the term transpersonal utilized? Transpersonal, in this specific circumstance, is tied in with going past the inner self today, directly right now, as an inpidual arrives at increasingly significant and progressively characterized profound associations in empowering mending and solace. The objective of this theorys component is to advance inward amicability, completeness, mankind and poise, and simultaneously save these (Marriner-Tomey and Alligood, 2006, p. 105). The Caring Moment or The Caring Occasion As indicated by Watson, a mindful second is the point at which a patient and an attendant joins together, cultivating human mindful. The two take part in human-to-human connection in any event, when the two of them are not the same as one another. A field coordinates an inpiduals casing of reference. Summarizing the experience of people, it tends to be discovered this is made of significance, discernments, contemplations, desires, objectives, convictions, considerations, sensations and emotions. All these rely upon the historical backdrop of the inpidual's life, and everything that transpired or her previously. It is additionally founded on the current second, and obviously, on how the individual sees their future (Marriner-Tomey and Alligood, 2006, p. 105). Clinical Application To apply this hypothesis, at that point, a medical caretaker must know about Je

Rideshare Company May Provide Payday Loan Alternative to Drivers - OppLoans

Rideshare Company May Provide Payday Loan Alternative to Drivers - OppLoans Rideshare Company May Provide Payday Loan Alternative to Drivers Rideshare Company May Provide Payday Loan Alternative to DriversInside Subprime: September 20, 2019By Lindsay FrankelA major rideshare firm recently announced to some drivers via an in-app message that it would develop a “new financial product” that would assist its drivers in getting out of a financial bind.  Recipients of the message were asked to answer four survey questions, including:“Have you taken out a small loan (of a dollar amount below 1,000 USD) in the past 3 years?”“If [our rideshare firm] provided loans, what amount are you most likely to request?”This won’t be the firms first foray into the financial services industry. The company currently issues a co-branded Visa credit card for customers and assists its drivers in leasing vehicles with third-party partnerships. And in 2016, the rideshare business introduced a cash advance program with zero interest.  But the firm made no mention of the interest rates associated with the new product, causing concern amo ng some politicians and drivers that it might resemble a payday loan with predatory fees. For already cash-strapped drivers, that could be extremely damaging.  Then again, drivers with bad credit or who can’t access low-interest loans through a bank or credit union would most likely get a worse deal from a payday lender. That’s especially true in states that do little to regulate the industry. Payday loans in Texas, for example, carry an average APR of 454 percent, according to the most recent data from Pew Charitable Trusts.  It’s becoming more common for employers to offer payday loan alternatives, reports The Wall Street Journal. That includes major companies and even some cities. These cash advances and loans have interest rates ranging from six to 36 percent, a far cry from the triple-digit interest rates associated with payday loans.  California Assemblywoman Lorena Gonzalez, who introduced the California bill that would reclassify certain types of contract workers as em ployees, told Recode: “I think anytime an employer, especially one that already skirts labor law, offers their employees loans, we are wading into very dangerous and oppressive territory.”Since the firm declined to comment on the new product, there’s no telling if it will actually come to fruition or what fees drivers would incur from using it. But consumer advocates are shining a spotlight on the rideshare company with regards to fair treatment for drivers.  Learn more about payday loans, scams, and cash advances by checking out our city and state financial guides, including  Chicago, Illinois, Florida, and Texas.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn

Movie Analysis Batman - 1933 Words

Batman has pretty much always had a sidekick, but none have worked out as well as Robin has. So what is so different about Robin that has made their relationship last so long, and how did their relationship become so strong throughout the years? When Gardner Fox writes these stories he constantly reminds us how Robin compliments Batman in more ways than just being his sidekick. When Batman makes Robin part of his team, he not only saves Robin but Robin saves Batman in a way as well, he gives him a sense of compassion and a feeling of having a family again. Pulling him away from the darkness that he constantly battles with. Robin is that light showing a brighter, friendlier side to the war on crime. A voice of reason that always puts Batman on his feet, softening the harsh view Batman has of the world. Before Robin Batman was darker and more violent, and that was good for adults but the creators also wanted to include the young adult audience. Creating Robin with the child like person ality seemed fit for the goal they wanted to reach, and it worked well. Robin, the faithful sidekick to the Dark Knight is not just a sidekick but a best friend, co-worker, son, and in some sense an advisor to Batman. Not only is he an anchor for him, he has kept Batman from falling down a dark hole many times before and will do so in the future as well, the best way he can. Robin will always be there for him even when he least expects it. Popping up during cases Batman purposely went alone on,Show MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : Superman, Batman, And Iron Man1495 Words   |  6 PagesMovies now a days such as the Avengers, Suicide Squad, and Captain America, value teamwork. In the films Superman, Batman, and Iron Man, they reveal how back in the early 2000’s America valued independence compared to these recent movies like the Avengers, Suicide Squad, and Captain America and how they value teamwork. 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Applying a business risk audit to intercontinental hotel - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1780 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Risk is inevitable in any business or entrepreneurship. When a business is launched, then some positive outcome is expected; yet there are always chances for negative results. The purpose of this assignment is consider the ways of forecasting and identifying risk and managing it, i.e. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Applying a business risk audit to intercontinental hotel" essay for you Create order reducing or eliminating possible risks or finding ways for an entity to revive from the damage brought about by risks as soon as possible. All the above mentioned is subject of audit also considered in this assignment. InterContinental Hotel Group is chosen as the object for auditing internal and external business risks. Audit is generally defined as: an examination and verification of a companys financial and accounting records and supporting documents by a professional, such as a Certified Public Accountant; an IRS (Internal Revenue Service) examination of an individual or corporations tax return, to verify its accuracy (Investorwords.com). Risk is commonly interpreted as the deviation of the anticipated results of future events which can affect the value of the latter. The term audit risk implies the possibility of the audit procedure resulting into an inappropriate conclusion or opinion on the financial statements. These can be neglecting discrepancies with an officia l standard, especially the ones containing a material misstatement, or recognition of an error when actually there is any (). One should differentiate between audit risk and business risk. Business risk relates to the loss which organization might sustain if it does not achieve its goals and objectives. It is essentially the potential cost incurred if the business does not achieve its strategic plans (Swanson, n.d). In many entities the assessment and management of business risk has developed into formalized enterprise risk management, or ERM. Audit risk relates to whether the procedures of internal and/or external audit achieved their objectives successfully. Traditionally, audit risk has been interpreted as strictly the risk of incorrect audit conclusions (). Nowadays, however, the concept tends to be extended to deal with more aspects, e.g. mistakes or inefficiency of internal audit. Swanson puts an equal sign between business risk and enterprise risk and refers to COSOs definition of the latter term. According to it, ERM is a process, effected by an entitys board of directors, management and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risks to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives (Enterprise risk management 2004, p. 6). ERM is conducted entity-wide and implies identification, investigation, quantification, response and monitoring of outcome of potential event. As a rule ERM is executed by internal auditors who report to managers or in many organizations directly to the board of directors. The procedure is designed to provide management of business risk and assure that decisions concerning reducing the risk are taken on daily basis. ERM is based on a principle that every entity exists to provide value for its stakeholders (FAQs, 2006; Internal control, 2006). COSO describe s the following stages in the ERM process: internal environment, objective setting, event identification, risk assessment, risk response, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring (ERM, businessdictionary.com, n.d). From the above-mentioned we can conclude that internal auditing and business risk are closely interconnected. At that the former should facilitate the latter. Generally audit resources should be applied at the areas of greatest business risk. Audit risk is an integral element of business risk as mistakes and failures in the very process of audit would inevitably lead to failure in managing business and therefore enhancing value. 2. Brief overview InterContinental Hotel Group is an example of great interest as for risk management among international hotel companies. IHG is the largest hotel company in the worlds offering more than 650ÂÂ  000 rooms, having more than 130ÂÂ  000ÂÂ  000 stays annually and running over 4500 hotels across over 100 countries across the globe. The major factor to establish peculiarities of risk which this company faces is that does not own by operates hotels. Is performs three basic types of business activities: a) franchising; b) managing; c) owning and leasing of hotels. Over 3ÂÂ  800 hotel are operated by the company under franchise agreements, 628 hotels are managed and only 16 hotels (which is less than 1 % of hotels the company deals with) are owned by the company. (Operating and financial review, 2006). So the major source of income for this company is franchising which means that the companys activities refer to intellectual property and branding rather than capi tal investment. Generally franchising is designed to avoid liability and expenses for material property. Therefore, risks connected with material capital do not affect directly the company while the risks relating to branding and intellectual property i.e. business schemes and development are of paramount importance. Franchising implies that franchiser (whose functions are performed by IHG) guarantee success of conducting business to franchisee (its client), i.e. sells a successful business model and takes part in organization of correct implementation of the aforementioned business strategy. Thereby one the main risks to threaten the company is failing to produce or implement a business model or a strategy or making a mistake in management. If a company, which works for itself, neglects some kind of risk, incurs financial losses or even goes bankrupt, it can restore it function by means of state loan or simply amending of dramatically changing its ways and policies of conducting business. Yet if a franchisee of IHG incurs losses due to inefficiency of a business schedule suggested by IHG, it shall dramatically affect the reputation of the latter. Thus other franchisees shall stop trusting the company and this can lead to breaking of a number of franchising contracts This is why IGH pays particular attention to risk management, carefully elaborates risk persist schemes and controls their implementation within its structural divisions. 3. Risks Facing the Company There are a number of challenges faced by companies which conducting risk audit. Firstly, it is not easy for them to obtain substantial resources necessary for desirable segregation of duties. Secondly, managers domination can result into considering the unattained objectives to be attained. Finally, there is a problem of recruiting personnel with ample financial and administrative competencies. It is hard to switch from running the business to taking critical management. Limited technical resources impede maintaining general and application controls over computer data-bases and information systems (Internal control, 2006, p. 4 -5). Yet there are many examples of actual companies to have transformed these challenges into the principles they support. Rittenberg outlines four crucial components of risk relating to conducting an audit. They are business risk, financial reporting risk, engagement risk and audit risk. Business risk is a risk which influences operations and potential outcomes of entitys activities (****, p.122). Financial reporting risk refers to the recording of transactions and the presentation of financial data in financial statement of an organization. Engagement risk is encountered by auditors being associated with a particular client, whose outcome can be of damage to auditor company reputation, inability of the client to pay to the auditor, impediment of audit process by a dishonest manager. All four types of risk are interdependent. Business risk and financial risk emerge with the audit client and its environment, virtually shaping the two other types of risk. The result of risk management processes often determine further existence of a company or audit firm. The book suggests issuing an audit opinion on companys financial statements or on the effectiveness of its internal accounting controls as ways to minimization the auditors risk (****, p. 121 122). External risks InterContinental Hotel Group is exposed to many risks both internal and external. First and foremost is competition. Companies offering the same type of services can reduce the amount of clients. Also the availability of instructions and the development of IT technologies can affect the number of clients as they may well find the information needed for conducting successful business for much more attractive conditions. Changes in legislation also play an important role for the maintenance of the Groups business. The situation becomes more complicated as IHG is an international company so the Board and staff should follow and consider the changes in legislation of many countries at once as well as the international legislation and policy (e.g. signing of international MOUs, treaties, etc). To reduce this risk the company follows the upcoming event on the international agenda, makes correspondent investigations when contracts are concluded with representatives of new countries, follows changes in legislation of partner countries, hires or uses consultation of international policy leaders, amends their brand business strategies as to satisfy legislation of a given country, promotes its own business technologies so as to influence the way of business management or even impose its own ways. Sometimes it is hard to resist this risk as politician and third parties who promote their own interest interfere in this sphere. Also there is always a threat of international conflicts, civil unrest and similar phenomena. Also great many factors influence international and national legislation such as economy, politic situation (inside the country as well as in the world), natural disasters, demography and ecology. The company therefore conducts investigations in each of the mentioned spheres and employs respective specialists. It contributes to ecological projects (global and national) and pays attention to insurance. The almost worldwide business has the advantage that if there is a downfall in one region, a rise is likely to be in another, yet there might be general downfall of world economy. Internal risks Some franchisees may have interest with would contradict the general policy if the group e.g. companies would not like or participate in projects connected with brand improvement. Also there can emerge internal clash of interest: some companies within the Group might desire the same things and be engaged into aggressive rivalry. To avoid these risks (which are internal) the company undertakes preliminary actions: enquiry into the strategies and interests of potential franchisee, including respective restrictions into franchising contract (that it is compulsory for this particular franchisee to participate in branch improving measures), the Group tends to provide strategies in such way that they reduce rivalry among franchisee companies (suggests alternative business schemes which imply different target submarket or category of services etc). Identification, retaining and adding new franchisees is no guarantee for the company as well. Recruiting and retaining skillful personne l as well as perfecting their skills is one of major concerns of the company and is also associated with risk. Significant risk refers to maintaining reputation of companys brand as well as protection of intellectual property. Generally the company employs a developed system of strategies which provides successful business for the company as a unity and each particular division. 4. Risk Audit 5. Risk Assessment 6. Risk Strategies Summary and Conclusion

Enron Company The Shell Game - 855 Words

Enron was a business conglomerate during the 1990s, formed by the merger of smaller oil and energy companies. Houston executives Kenneth Lay (Chairman), Jeffrey Skilling (chief executive officer (CEO) and Andrew Fastow (chief financial officer (CFO) parlayed their new mega-company into a favorite Wall Street company, bragging of record profits with negligible losses. During the 1990s, the three senior executives changed Enron from a traditional gas and electricity company into a $150 billion energy corporation. For instance, from 1998 to 2000 only, Enron’s returns rose from approximately $31 billion to over $100 billion, making the company to be the seventh biggest conglomerate of the Fortune 500. Unidentified to nearly everybody, this picture was the result of one of the largest swindles in financial history (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). One of the key issues presented in the case was the shell game. Not every person knows this, but prices of stock are based on how flourishing a company appears, not the amount of money it has in the bank. Enron’s top executives, helped by appropriate deregulation of the power-utility industry, spin this dodge into a gold mine. They apparently posted profits founded on how much a particular business enterprise could generate, not how much it was essentially worth, and covered losses through offshore â€Å"shell† companies. The company’s accounting firm, Arthur Andersen LLP, was mature and well esteemed; not even a single person supposedShow MoreRelated Propaganda and Its Effect on America Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesimplying that God was on America’s side. [ Haraoka ]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another example of propaganda was an article about the success of Enron, a company that shortly after was proven to destroy important documents and crash in the stock market. 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Children of a Lesser God Essay Example For Students

Children of a Lesser God Essay The movie Children of a Lesser God can be best described as a love story that deals with barriers in basic communication. It is a story based on a play about a talented teacher for the deaf named James, who forms an interest in a deaf employee named Sarah, who works for the same school. His job is to help deaf children learn how to speak, so he feels he can help Sarah to do the same. Initially, James runs into problems with her because she doesn t have an interest in learning how to speak and she admits to him that she doesn t know how to read lips. James takes this as a challenge and begins to lure Sarah to him by coincidentally bumping into her from time to time. Once he draws Sarah in by taking her to dinner and communicating with her quite often, they realize that they ve fallen in love. The conflict in the movie is that James unwittingly tries time and time again to get Sarah to speak and learn to read lips and she basically wants him to step into her world of silence. Near the end of the movie we see as James explodes and finally tells her that he s tired of trying to reach out to her all of the time and doesn t understand what s holding her back. Her response is equally explosive as she explains her sentiments about the issue. After some time they experience separated, James and Sarah reunite in the end to resume the love that they share for each other. In the communication context, there are a few characteristics of communication that are dealt with in this movie. The obvious barrier of communication between the deaf and the hearing, relationship conflict, and the use of nonverbal communication, are all aspects in communication that are touched upon in this movie. First, the main subject of the movie obviously is how James a hearing instructor tries to communicate not only with his hearing-impaired students, but the woman that he eventually falls in love with, Sarah. This may not seem like a difficult task considering that James knows sign language, but getting through to Sarah proves to be difficult because she is stubborn and refuses to learn to read lips or to try and learn to speak. A second communication aspect that is evident in the movie is the conflict experienced by Sarah and James who are both in a relationship. Many relationships experience conflicts of many sorts and just because Sarah and James may have a special circumstance in theirs, doesn t make them any less exempt. The conflict they deal with is the fact that they can seem to find a common ground when communicating. James wants Sarah to learn to read lips and to speak like the others, and Sarah feels that James doesn t want to meet her halfway and come into her silent world. Eventually they do compromise and settle their differences. Finally, the third aspect of communication I noticed in the movie was the use of nonverbal communication. Sign language is obviously a way to communicate non-verbally, but I noticed the body movements and facial expressions that the characters used to communicate non-verbally. There was a scene in which Sarah is dancing and can t really hear the music, but continues to fluidly move as if listening to it. The song ends and Sarah continues to move, and to me this shows how she interprets what the song is about through her body movements. Another scene that stood out to me is when both James and Sarah are arguing near the end of the movie. The facial expressions used by Sarah are amazing. Although she can t communicate verbally, the audience knows exactly how she s feeling through her use of facial expressions. They reveal her emotions to a tee. In conclusion, the movie Children of a Lesser God definitely shows many communications aspects discussed in our communication class. The more obvious aspects in my opinion, were the barriers in communication, the relationship conflict, and the uses of non-verbal communication.

Troy Versus Homers Illiad Example For Students

Troy Versus Homers Illiad When comparing the movie Troy, directed by Wolfgang Petterson, and The Iliad, written by Greek poet Homer we can clearly see that although Petterson has made an excellent film he has clearly left out certain aspects of the Iliad which really define the story. Both versions portray the Trojan War between Greece and Troy, Achilles killing Hector and King Priam visiting Achilles to ask for the body of his son Hector back. However both versions do not portray accurate versions of the fight between Menelaus and Paris, nor do they correctly explain why Helen has come to reside in Troy nor does the movie portray the proper burial rights of the Greeks. This is due to the absence of the Gods and Goddesses in the movie. We will write a custom essay on Troy Versus Homers Illiad specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Now in order to compare the two we must first explore what the movie and story are both about and the story each one follows. The Iliad starts 9 years after the beginning of the Trojan War with the Achaean (Greek) army raiding the town of Chryse and taking two women, Chrysies and Briseis. Agamemnon claims Chrysies and Achilles claims Briseis. Neither however counted the fact that Chrysies’ father, Chryses was a Priest of Apollo. After Chryses offers a huge reward for the return of his daughter and Agamemnon refuses he then prays to Apollo who in return sends a Plague upon the Achaean camp. Agamemnon consults the prophet and learns he must return his prize but in return he demands Briseis. Once hearing this, Achilles refuses to fight any longer in the war and holes himself up inside his tent. Achilles filled with his own rage and stupidity, asks his mother Thetis is ask Zeus to join the side of the Trojans, the Army the Achaeans are fighting against. Zeus complies and starts to bring his rage down upon the Achaean camp. Finally Achilles feels bad about the actions that he has taken but still refuses to fight. He proposes a plan with Nestor that his friend Patroclus will go into battle wearing his armour in order to raise the spirits of the Achaean army. This plan backfires and Patroclus ends up dead due to Apollo knocking him to the ground and Hector slaying him. Achilles now filled with rage about the death of his dear friend Patroclus, decides it is his time to fight and rides out to battle. He slays every Trojan insight and even fights the river god Xanthus until he comes upon Hector. Achilles chases Hector around until Athena tricks Hector into turning around to fight Achilles, knowing that it will mean Hectors death. Once Achilles lands the final blow he straps Hectors body to the back of his chariot and drags the body around Patroclus’ funeral bier for 9 days. His body however does not become tarnished as the Gods have put a protective spell on it. The gods all finally agree that Hector deserves a proper burial and they send Hermes to escort King Priam, Hectors father, to Achilles tent in order to ask for his son’s body back. Achilles gives up the body and Hector receives his hero’s burial. The movie Troy follows a slightly different story. The movie opens with Agamemnon advancing his army towards Thessaly. King Triopas (King of Thessaly) bargains with Agamemnon, arguing that they should each present their best fighters and the fight can decide who wins rather than having a war. Achilles easily wins the fight and Agamemnon gains control over Thessaly. Meanwhile we see the Princes of Troy, Hector and Paris, in the Banquet hall belonging to King Menelaus of Sparta. Paris sneaks off to meet Helen, Menelaus’ wife and convinces her to return to Troy with him. Once Menelaus finds out he vows to get revenge on Troy and asks for the help of his brother Agamemnon. Achilles and his young cousin Patroclus are enlisted to help get revenge on Troy. Achilles goes to seek advice from his mother who warns him that if he goes to battle against Troy he will find eternal glory but he will be doomed to die, but if he stays and does not fight he will find love, raise a family and die as an old man, happy with life. Achilles with his love to fight joins the war against Troy, not believing in what his mother has foretold of his fate. Once they land on the shores of Troy, the immediately sack a nearby town which includes a temple of Apollo and Achilles takes one of the Priestesses, Briseis, as his prize, unbeknown to him that she is the cousin of Hector and Paris. Agamemnon begins to claim that Briseis was his spoil of war which angers Achilles to the point in which he vows that one day Agamemnon will fall under his sword. We then see a clip of Helen attempting to leave Troy as she believes if she returns to Menelaus it will prevent more lives from being lost. Hector sees her and persuades her to stay, telling her she is a princess of Troy now. The next day, Agamemnon as his army march to Troy and demand the return of Helen or a war would break out. Hector offers up his brother Paris to fight Menelaus in order to decide who would get to keep Helen. Just before Menelaus can deliver the death blow, Paris crawls to his brother’s feet and hides behind him in cowardice. Hector then delivers the death blow to Menelaus which sparks of the beginning of the fighting. As the fighting progresses on the battle field we see clips of Achilles and Briseis and we see that they have begun to fall in love. Achilles makes plans to return home with Briseis and his beloved cousin Patroclus. As dawn approaches on the battle field we see Achilles riding into battle which shocks everyone but raises their spirits, unbek nown to everyone it is actually Patroclus wearing Achilles armour. Hector slits Achilles throat then removes his helmet to find that it is not Achilles like everyone believed it to be but Patroclus. Hector who is now regretting what he has done, drives his sword through Patroclus’ chest to finish him off. Achilles filled with rage at the loss of his cousin rides into battle against the Trojans and slays Hector right outside the walls of Troy. That night Achilles is visited by King Priam asking for the return of his son’s body, as Achilles had taken it after slaying him. Priam explains to Achilles that Hector didn’t know that it was Patroclus underneath the armour and asks Achilles how many brothers and cousins he has killed in his time. He weeps over Hectors body before giving it back to Priam and he allows Briseis to return to Troy with him. After not being attacked for 12 days the Trojans travel to the Greek camp to find a giant wooden horse, something they believe to be a gift of surrender. This is where the myth of the Trojan horse is intertwined with the story. The Trojans take the horse into the city walls, unbeknown that it contains a whored of Greek soldiers. Once night fall has appeared the Greeks begin to attack, breaking free from the horse. Achilles runs to be with Briseis but as he is with her Paris shoots him in the back of his heel, killing him. The Greeks win the battle and in the closing scene of the film we see Achilles body on a funeral pyre within the ruins of Troy. .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .postImageUrl , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:hover , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:visited , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:active { border:0!important; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:active , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC): Its Role and History EssayAs we can see from reading over both telling of the story, they appear greatly different. The Iliad only covers a small amount of the battle of Troy compared the movie which attempts to portray the whole war in a matter of days instead of the 11 + years the war raged on. The Iliad also has a proper representation of burial in comparison to the movie; Homer dedicated a whole book of the Iliad to the ideals of Greek Burial. In the movie we see incorrect burials of both Patroclus and Achilles. In the movie we see them being burnt straight away on the funeral pyre instead of the detailed burial rights they received in the Iliad such as the coins over their eyes to pay the ferryman Chiron and the proper funeral procession before dawn. This feature upset me as Peterson objective in this movie was to portray the Greeks in an accurate was using the Iliad as his starting point yet he has failed to do so. Another aspect of the movie I feel does not reflect the Iliad was the lack of inclusion involving the Gods. In the Iliad the Greek Gods played a large part of the story and in comparison with the movie they don’t really play a role at all, they are non-existent. Homer really emphasized the Gods, including them in all aspects of his books. Homer has also emphasized that they were the cause of the Trojan War, bringing us back to a story which occurred just before the Iliad at the beginning of the Trojan War in which Paris was chosen to be the judge of a beauty contest involving Athena, Artemis and Aphrodite. He chose Aphrodite and as a reward he gained her favour and was allowed any woman in the word he so desired. Paris being young and now thinking of the consequences he chose Helen of Sparta (who then became known as Helen of Troy). This enraged Menelaus, Helens husband and he declared was on Troy. We can compare this to the movie Troy which shows us that the cause of the war also Helen going to Troy but not because she was compelled by Aphrodite but because she had fallen in love with Paris, she went to Troy on her own free will knowing the consequences that would occur. In the Iliad Aphrodite saves Paris’ life during the fight between him and Menelaus. Just before he goes to deliver the death blow, Aphrodite blows in a storm and whisks Paris back to his chambers to be with Helen. Menelaus becomes enraged and then he declares war. We can compare this to the movie in which just before Menelaus delivers the death, Paris crawls to his brother’s feet in cowardice and then Hector slays Menelaus. Both these scenes though meant to be the same are rather different as one results in the death of Menelaus and the other does not. Other gods are also portrayed in the Iliad such as Hermes, who guides King Priam to Achilles tent safely so that he can ask for the return of his son Hectors body while in the movie; King Priam makes the journey by himself. Apollo is another God who is largely featured in the Iliad but not in the movie. Apollo is one of the central figures in the Iliad as he is the one who sends the plague upon the Achaean camp and he allows Hector to kill Patroclus which leads Achilles to become involved in the war again. Apollo was the one who really kick started off the fighting between the two rival armies even though he is not the God of war. Hephaestus, a god often forgotten was once again forgotten in the movie. He did play a part in the Iliad however. He forged Achilles new armour for him as a favour to Thetis before Achilles went to battle. These forgotten aspects in the movie really enraged me as Petersons ideals in the movie Troy were to try and accurately show Greek lifestyle and war yet he failed by leaving out a huge aspect which was involved in this, the Gods and Goddesses of Olympus. I personally feel that the movie should have included the Gods as many others like myself most likely feel the same. The gods were an essential part of Greek lifestyle. The bases of their entire civilization were based upon the will of the Gods and Peterson has seemed to just forget this. One more difference between the Iliad and Troy which managed to frustrate me immensely was the incorrect representation of Briseis in the movie and the complete lack of Chrysies. In the Iliad the kidnapping of Chrysies is what started the plague in the Achaean camp, another aspect that seemed to be forgotten, which then led to Achilles anger as Chrysies was returned and Briseis became wanted by Agamemnon and his eventual refusal to fight. In the movie Chrysies has just seemed to vanish from existence and Briseis is now a cousin of Hector and Paris. Not to mention that in the film Achilles wasn’t planning to fight as he wished to be with Briseis as he had fallen in love with her. The film portrays Homers character of Briseis completely wrong and has forgotten a main catalyst character. As someone who had knowledge of the Iliad before seeing the film it utterly enraged me. As one can obviously see Wolfgang Peterson has made an incorrect representation of Greek lifestyle and war and I personally hope that if he makes another movie which originally was a book I will never have to see it. I also hope that he comes to his senses and makes another proper representation of what he wanted to achieve.

Medical uses of algae essays

Medical uses of algae essays Algae have been used for centuries, especially in Asian countries, as a remedy to cure or prevent various physical ailments. Scientific research has established a connection between these nutrient-rich sea plants and the bodys immune system response. It all started when intensive studies of marine life began in the 1970s to locate potential sources of pharmacologically active agents (Baba et al. 1988). Researchers found that algae contain a remarkable amount of components valuable for human health. According to Baba (1988), algae are beneficial in the following ways: 1. It is a complete protein with essential amino acids (unlike most plant foods) that are involved in major metabolic processes such as energy and enzyme production. 2. It contains high amounts of simple and complex carbohydrates which provide the body with a source of additional fuel. In particular, the sulfated complex carbohydrates are thought to enhance the immune systems regulatory response. 3. It contains an extensive fatty acid profile, including Omega 3 and Omega 6. These essential fatty acids also play a key role in the production of energy. 4. It has an abundance of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements in naturally-occurring synergistic design. With all these benefits, it is no wonder why extensive research is being conducted on algae as a medical treatment. Three specific treatments that have been tested will be discussed. One medical use of marine algae is for the treatment of Herpes Simplex Viruses. The drug Acyclovir (ACV) is commonly used for treatment of herpes, but it, like many medications, results in undesirable symptoms (Field & Biron 1994). ACV has induced the emergence of drug-resistant viruses and can lower immune activity, causing even more illnesses (Field & Biron 1994). These findings made it necessary to find new sources of anti-herpetic treatments, one being marine algae. Marine algae, which are a source of potential c...

Financial Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial - Term Paper Example 900,000 ?1,600,000 ?1,850,000 ?1,100,000 ?2,225,000 Discount Factor @ 12% Cost of Capital 1.00 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567 Present Value (?5,150,000) ?803,700 ?1,275,200 ?1,317,200 ?699,600 ?1,261,575 NPV ?207,275 NPV:-?5,150,000 + ?803,700 + ?1,275,200 + ?1,317,200 + ?699,600 + ?1,261,575 = ?207,275 The Net Present Value of a company is the value of a future number in terms of today. It basically helps in finding out a project’s is profitability. It requires finding out the present value of each future cash flow discounted at a specific value, which is the cost of capital of the project given in the form of a percentage. It uses the concept of discounted cash flows. Time Cash Flow (?5,150,000) ?900,000 ?1,600,000 ?1,850,000 ?1,100,000 ?2,225,000 Yr 0 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Cash Flow (?5,150,000) ?900,000 ?1,600,000 ?1,850,000 ?1,100,000 ?2,225,000 Discount Factor @ 14% Cost of Capital 1.00 0.877 0.769 0.675 0.592 0.519 Present Value (?5,150,000) ?789,300 ?1,230,400 ?1,248 ,750 ?651,200 ?1,154,775 NPV (?75,575) NPV = -?5,150,000 + ?789,300 + ?1,230,400 + ?1,248,750 + ?651,200 + ?1,154,775 NPV = (?75,575) Payback Payback = 4,250,000 – 900,000 (Yr 1) – 1,600,000 (Yr 2) = 1750000 ? 1,850,000 (Yr 3) * 12 Payback = 2 Years and 11 months This is a technique used to measure the feasibility of projects in terms of the number of years that it takes to pay back an initial investment. It is measured in number of years till full recovery and the following formula can be used to measure it. Payback = No. of years prior to full recovery + Unrecovered cost at beginning of year/Cash flow during full recovery year. Payback basically represents the period of time during which the initial investment gets recovered. IRR: To calculate IRR, a negative NPV would be calculated. Hence a discount factor of 14% is selected. IRR = LDR + [PV1/PV1-PV2]* (HDR-LDR) LDR = Lower Discount Rate HDR = Higher Discount Rate Pv1 = Present Value at Lower Rate of Return Pv2= Pre sent Value at Higher Rate of Return IRR = 12% + [207,275/ 207,275 – (-75,575) * (14% - 12%)] IRR = 13.46% IRR is the value where the NPV is equal to zero. It is the optimal value where a project is most beneficial. IRR can gauge the profitability of a proposed investment by taking into consideration the concept of discounted cash flows. IRR is not very easy to be calculated as any other accounting measure such as NPV and if done then it does not give accurate answers. It is done on a trial and error. b) Provide a rationale for your treatment of initial research, depreciation and working capital, supporting your answer with links to theory briefly indicate other considerations which might also affect the decision Initial research would not be included within the Net Present Value (NPV) calculation. This is because the initial research cost had already been incurred before starting the project hence the cost was deemed to be a sunk cost. Sunk costs are not to be included within the NPV calculation because these costs have already been incurred and that do not affect the decision of either commencing or aborting any business plan. Depreciation costs do not get included within the calculation of NPV. This is because depreciation is a non-cash item and the NPV purely constitutes cash related items with respect to the time value of money. Although depreciation expense is only included within the NPV calculation in order to ascertain the Tax savings. The tax savings on allowances allowed by the tax authorities are only included

The Truman Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Truman Show - Essay Example The unsuspecting protagonist, who has no idea that everything around him and everyone around him are just behaving the way they are supposed or told to, gives the story a fresh appeal. As the story progresses, each stage if it makes the audience think what would they do if they were in Truman’s place. It makes people wonder what his reaction would be in the end when he finds out about the truth. Even his mother, wife and best friend are part of it so that makes his situation really pathetic. The people whom a person trusts most in the world are all in the plot of filming his life. The world he thinks is real is only make-believe. But then soon he starts picking up clues. He starts discovering the repetitive events have more than habitual meaning to them. Bit by bit he starts to think that he is being set up and he tests things one by one to try and unravel the truth. Although Truman trusts his logic to escape from a scripted world, Can Truman force reality since he was living in Seahaven Island for his entire life? Truman has been living twenty nine years of his life in Seahaven and has not yet come across anything that would force him to think out of the ordinary. He works as an insurance salesman, has a lovely wife who is happy always and has a best friend who was with him since he was seven years old. The town is also a dream come true, very neat with everyone smiling at each other and greeting them with sheer respect. The only incident that is seen to be haunting Truman is the death of his father, which took place when they went for sailing when he was a kid. He feels guilty for this incident as it was his curiosity and stubbornness that took him on the trip during the storm. This incident still lingers in him and he has developed hydrophobia. Even though his whole life is â€Å"broadcast 24 hours a day† he has no idea about it. (Weschler 1) That is until one day, a light projector falls from the supposed beautiful, normal sky. Soon more event s start adding up to it, like the time when he drives and he can hear on the radio every turn that he takes, when he goes to his office he finds that inside the lift there is a TV set etc. He even starts to understand that there is more to the things that happen around him than just everyday routine. When he sits in the car and watches from the mirror the order in which the man with the cycle, the man with the flowers etc keep passing here and there and when he takes his wife on a spontaneous ride the traffic just magically appears. The most surprising fact is that everyone knows Truman’s name, are very courteous and ready to help him with anything. He starts to figure out gradually that his life has been set up. He resolves to get away from Seahaven but everything comes in his way. It is like he has no way to escape from that place. He tries talking to his wife and friend but they too behave as though nothing his wrong. But Truman feels it in his guts that everyone is hiding something from him. Chritsof is the creator of this TV show. The man who has invested and spent millions to make a show like this, with the so-called intention of creating a safe world for his corporation adopted son Truman. He can be perceived as God as he is the one who controls everyone and everything in Truman’s life. He is the one who decides and chooses for Truman. All that Truman has to do is get up everyday and go to sleep every night, the rest is controlled by â€Å"the creator.† On one hand, Christof can be seen as a devil who controls

How dependent are Americans on foreign oil Essay Example for Free

How dependent are Americans on foreign oil Essay 1.0 Introduction â€Å"We have a serious problem. America is addicted to oil.† George Bush made this assertion in his 2006 State of the Union address. By 2025 the United States will increase its daily consumption of oil to 28.3 million barrels per day. These estimates by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) show that by then, the US will depend on foreign countries for 70% of its oil needs. The United States of America (USA) depends on foreign nations for 66% of the oil it consumes. According to the EIA, currently the US consumes almost 21 million barrels of oil a day. Unfortunately, this amount of oil is not produced locally so the US has to depend on foreign nations for its consumption of oil. The dependence on oil by the US has a number of effects which include: impact on the nation’s economy; determines US foreign policy; shapes national security; and influences the relationship between the US and other nations (Ebe 2). The aforementioned effect which dependence on foreign oil has caused creates problems for the US. One of the major problems is the fact that the US is dependent on other nations for its energy supplies. Since the US is dependent on these nations for oil, the events in these oil producing nations determine to a large extent, what happens in the US. There is need for the US to resolve this energy situation, because dependence on other nations for oil rids the US of its sovereignty as an independent nation. 1.1 Statement of problem Oil is a very useful resource as it used by many industries. Many industrialized nations of the world, like the US, need large amounts of oil to keep their economies going. Over time, the US has become dependent on foreign nations for its oil needs- while local oil production has plummeted, demand is on the rise. Since the US is so dependent on foreign oil, what are the implications of this dependence? 1.2 Dependence on foreign oil: an effects analysis The dependence on foreign oil by the US has a lot of implications. The effect of this situation makes an impact on the economy, foreign policy, national security and international relations. These four perspectives are explored in further detail below. Effects on the US economy. Dependence on foreign oil supplies has had a profound effect on the US economy. One major evidence of this fact is the constant fluctuation of prices of gas due to changes in prices of oil. In other words, once the price of oil changes, then the price of gas in the US shifts accordingly. This has a profound effect on companies and other businesses that use gas. In the past year, oil prices have soared due to a number of factors in the world. Once these prices climb, it means that the consumer in the US has to pay more for goods and services that are related in one way or other to oil. Changes in the prices of oil in the world create shocks which are felt when prices of goods and services increase. However, the US economy would not have had to deal with these shocks if there wasn’t a high dependence on foreign oil. Furthermore, the constant increase in the price of crude oil in global markets leads to the transfer of huge amounts of money to other cou ntries in foreign trade. US foreign policy. Concerns about US dependence on oil have had an influence on its foreign policy. Various governments are aware of US dependence on foreign oil and have taken moves to protect the integrity of the US. Most people around the world believe that the US meddles in the affairs of other countries especially those in the Middle East because of the oil reserves in these places. If there is instability in the Middle East, it will drastically affect the supply of oil to the US. Thus, in order to protect it’s and ensure the constant flow of foreign oil (upon which the US is dependent), the US government takes measures to ensure peace and rule of law in these places. Haley (9-10) echoes the voice of critics who contend that the U is keen on maintaining stability in the Middle East because of the implication which crisis will cause the US since it relies so heavily on foreign oil. This is evident in the Gulf war and the recent invasion of Iraq. These actions by the US hav e created hatred in the hearts of people in the Middle East towards the US. Impact on national security. The dependence on foreign oil by the US has an impact on its national security as well. It can be argued that the dependence on foreign oil by the US has led it get involved in the affairs of other nations of the world. For example, the Middle East is a region which the US does not ignore and it is in this region that the largest reserves of crude oil abound. The US cannot afford to ignore this region because it needs the oil that is produced from these areas. Sadly, many of these countries are places where there is a lot of unrest and oppressive governments and the US gets a share of violent attacks because it relates with these nations. This situation has brewed hatred in the hearts of many and motivated attacks against the US both home and abroad. With the terror attacks on September 11 2001, the US is aware of the threat to national security and the lives of its citizens at home and abroad. Terrorist groups are aware that oil is the centre of the US e conomy and when they target this sector, they will inadvertently cripple the US economy and bring it to her knees. Relations with other nations. The relationship between the US and other nations is also affected to some extent by the dependence on foreign oil by the US. Apart from the US, other countries in the world have vested interests in oil because they too depend to a large extent on oil. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and other â€Å"iron curtain† countries, China has risen as an industrial giant. These industries are largely fuelled by oil and in order to achieve its aim and remain in the lead, China has improved relations with many oil producing countries and opposes restrictions imposed on these places by the US at the United Nations general assembly. These relationships between the US and other nations are founded upon dependence on oil. The dependence on foreign oil by the US has led to complex relationships between the US and other nations. At close observation, the root cause of these relationships is often not noticeable, but exploring deeper brings out the dependence on oil by the US. On the other hand it is important to look at this issue in another perspective. Most of the countries which produce oil are undemocratic. Infact, some of them have oppressive rulers and since the US depends on foreign oil, these governments become prominent. The fact that they are producers of oil propels them to lime light because the US needs this foreign oil so badly. 1.3 Relevant statistics Certain statistics are important in order to understand the dependence on foreign oil by the US. There was a time in the past when the US was the world’s largest producer of crude oil. But all that has changed now. According to the EIA, Saudi Arabia is the world’s largest exporter of crude oil and will remain so for a while because it holds 24% of the worlds oil reserves. Conversely, the Middle East holds 66% of the world’s oil reserve and supplies 30% of oil in the world. The dependence on foreign oil by the US has been worrisome to past administrations. According to Randall, President Richard Nixon established â€Å"Project Independence† to stop America’s dependence on foreign nations for oil. Furthermore, President Gerald Ford approved the regulation of petroleum prices, established the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and signed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. On his part, President Jimmy Carter signed the national Energy Act to encourage the development of local sources of energy. 1.4 Probable solutions There is growing need to decrease America’s dependence on foreign oil due to the many problems which the phenomenon poses. It is imperative to develop alternate sources of energy in the US so that dependence on oil can gradually be lifted. Dependence on foreign oil may not be lifted totally but a gradual lifting of this dependence is important. Apart from oil, there are alternate sources of energy which should be explored in the US with the backing of the government and private sector so that these initiatives can be widely adopted. In the first place transportation is a major consumer of gasoline, so cars should be made to run on other sources of power such as electricity which is cleaner and will lower carbon emissions in to the atmosphere. Apart from electricity, wind energy too can be harnessed to power industries. Furthermore, dams built on rivers can generate vast amounts of electricity. Biological fuels too are important and these too need to be developed and used to lessen America’s dependence on oil. The current economic crisis in the world is an indicator to many people to cut costs. However, with the rising cost of crude oil, cost cutting will mean learning to do without crude oil and using other alternate sources of energy. Most of the alternate source of energy mentioned here are not harmful to the environment and the other benefit about them is that they are renewable as well. It does not matter how vast a country’s oil reserves are. There will come a time when these reserves will deplete. If the US continues to depend on foreign oil, what will be done when these countries no longer have oil to sell? The situation is best imagined. 1.5 Conclusion Obviously, the US needs to look else where to satisfy her energy needs. The switch from oil to alternative sources of energy may take a while but the journey of a thousand miles begins with a step. This switch has become all the more important considering the amount of hatred which is shown to everything American, especially by terrorists from the Middle East. Much of the world knows that the US economy is affected by oil supplies- cripple this and you bring the world greatest nation to its knees.

Tuberculosis: Prevalent and Deadly Essay -- Diseases/Disorders

Tuberculosis (TB) is a very prevalent, very contagious, and very deadly disease worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control, one third of the population is infected with TB. (Centers for Disease Control Data and statistics) While less common than it has ever been, tuberculosis has seen an upsurge in the last three decades directly related to the AIDS epidemic, but also as a result of the development of many multi-drug-resistant strains. This is of particular concern in developing nations hit hard by AIDS infections, but it is also evidenced in an upswing in the United States. (Nester, Anderson and Roberts) Because of the increase of cases both here and worldwide there has been a concerted effort to limit the number of new infections and to control the spread of it by managing the most at risk populations. Nationally this would include prison populations, people with AIDS, and immigrants from countries where there is a high prevalence of TB. Other risk factors include other immunocompromised groups, including those in hospitals, and poverty. The efforts to combat this disease, via education, vaccine administration, and proper sanitation controls have decreased the spread dramatically. Nationally the decrease began in 1993 (Nester, Anderson and Roberts) and internationally the decrease began in 2010. (United Nations ). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis. The bacterium spreads in the air when a person with the infection coughs or sneezes. There are many cases of people with latent TB infection but who may eventually develop the disease and therefore become vectors for contagion. Weakened immune systems greatly increase the chances for developing the disease, which explains why ... ... even the latent infection with medication, and isolating those who are contagious have done more to control the spread of this oft fatal disease than have one particular vaccination. Works Cited Centers for Disease Control. Tuberculosis. March 2012. 11 March 2012 . National Network for Immunization Information. Tuberculosis. March 2005. March 2012 . Nester, Eugene, et al. Microbiology: A Human Perspective. 7th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012. "Tuberculosis." Human Diseases and Conditions. 1 March 2012 . United Nations . "United Nations News Service." 11 October 2011. United Nations News Centre. 12 March 2012 .

A Comparative Essay Between 1984 and Brave New World Essay

It is interesting to note, before anything, the similarities between Brave New World and 1984. Firstly and rather obviously, they are both prophetic novels, they were both written in turbulent times, both suffering changes that could revert the future of the world. When 1984 was written, the world had just gotten out of a second war and the surprising rise of communism and their totalitarian government was frightening most of the western world. In George Orwell’s novel, the main concern seems to be the overtaking of a supreme, socialist totalitarian government/dictatorship. On the other hand, when Brave New World was written, the world had just been swept by a wave of mass production and consumerism, and that too is reflected in Aldous Huxley’s ultra-modern, test-tube baby, sleep-taught society. That is exactly what makes the two novels so alike and so different at the same time. To begin with both authors forecast a society of obedience and compliance, but on one hand, the Brave New World is also driven by consumerism and high advanced technology and drug abuse (soma, to ensure the happiness of the masses), † ‘Now- such is progress- the old men work, the old men copulate, the old men have no time, no leisure from pleasure, not a moment to sit down and think- or even by some unlucky chance such a crevice of time should yawn in the solid substance of their distractions, there is always some, delicious soma half a gramme for half a holiday [†¦] returning when they find themselves on the other side of the crevice, safe on the solid ground of daily labour and distraction†¦'†. Whilst 1984 is a bare, war stricken place with food rations and the like, â€Å"Outside, even through the shut window-pane, the world looked cold. Down the street little eddies of wind were whirling dust and torn papers into spirals, and though the sun was shinning and the sky was blue, there seemed to be no colour in anything, except in the posters that were plastered everywhere.† Both novels also similar in the aspect that most inhabitants do not seem to see a problem with the world they live in, most comply and obey, in Brave New World, most consume, but in both novels, there are the odd sheep. In Brave New World Bernard Marx, † ‘But he’s so ugly!’ [†¦] ‘And then so  small.’ Fanny rebels because he does not fit in made a grimace; smallness was so horribly and typically low-caste.† In 1984, Winston Smith rebels because he does not accept, â€Å"to the future or the past, to a time when thought is free, when men are different from one another and do not live alone- to a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone. From the age of uniformity, from the age of solitude, form the age of Big Brother, from the age of doublethink-â€Å". says Winston. Both novel seem to portray societies divided into castes, in 1984 there are three of them the ‘proles’, the ‘outer Party’ and the ‘inner Party’, the ‘proles’ are the uneducated masses, the ‘outer party’ are the medium working class, and the ‘inner party’ are the controllers. In Brave New World, the castes are a bit more literal, four in total, Alphas, intelligent and beautiful, have the high positions, Betas, not quite as ‘perfect’ as the Alphas, Gammas, part of the uneducated masses and finally Epsilons, similar in IQ to oysters, the workers and cleaners. Both novels can be regarded as ‘novels that changed history’, that is, when they were written it seemed that things were headed in the direction that both novels pointed out, and some people considered that it was the novels that ‘opened people’s eyes’ and showed them the way. However, many other people seemed to think that both were equally extreme to have actually concretized themselves.

Measures of dispersion - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4852 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Summery The measure of central tendency, as discussed in the previous chapter tells us only about the characteristics of a particular series. They do not describe any thing on the observations or data entirely. In other wards, measures of central tendency do not tell any thing about the variations that exist in the data of a particular series. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Measures of dispersion" essay for you Create order To make the concept, let discuss an example. It was found by using formula of mean that the average depth of a river is 6 feet. One cannot confidently enter into the river because in some places the depth may be 12 feet or it may have 3 feet. Thus this type of interpretation by using the measures of central tendency some times proves to be useless. Hence the measure of central tendency alone to measure the characteristics of a series of observations is not sufficient to draw a valid conclusion. With the central value one must know as to how the data is distributed. Different sets of data may have the same measures of central tendency but differ greatly in terms of variation. For this knowledge of central value is not enough to appreciate the nature of distribution of values. Thus there is the requirement of some additional measures along with the measures of central tendency which will describe the spread of the entire set of values along with the central value. One such measure is p opularly called as dispersion or variation. The study of dispersion will enables us to know whether a series is homogeneous (where all the observations remains around the central value) or the observations is heterogeneous (there will be variations in the observations around the central value like 1, 50, 20, 28 etc., where the central value is 33). Hence it can be said that a measure of dispersion describes the spread or scattering of the individual values of a series around its central value. Experts opine different opinion on why the variations in a distribution are so important to consider? Following are some views on validity of the measure of dispersion: Measures of variation provide the researchers some additional information about the behaviour of the series along with the measures of central tendency. With this information one can judge the reliability of the value that is derived by using the measure of central tendency. If the data of the series are widely dispersed, the central location is less representatives of the data as a whole. On the other hand, when the data of a series is less dispersed, the central location is more representative to the entire series. In other wards, a high degree of variation would mean little uniformity whereas a low degree of variation would mean greater uniformity. When the data of a series are widely dispersed, it creates practical problems in executing data. Measure of dispersion helps in understanding and tackling the widely dispersed data. It facilitates to determine the nature and cause of variation in order to control the variation itself. Measures of variation enable comparison to be made of two or more series with regard to their variability. DEFINATION: Following are some definitions defined by different experts on measures of dispersion. L.R. Connor defines measures of dispersion as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dispersion is the measure extended to which individual items vary. Similarly, Brookes and Dick opines it as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dispersion or spread is the degree of the scatter or the variation of the variables about a central value. Robert H. Wessel defines it as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"measures which indicate the spread of the values are called measures of dispersion. From all these definition it is clear that dispersion measures more or less describes the spread or scattering of the individual values of a series around its central value. METHODS OF MEASURING DISPERSION: Dispersion of a series of data can be calculated by using following four widely used methods Dispersion when measured on basis of the difference between two extreme values selected from a series of data. The two well known measures are The Range The Inter-quartile Range or Quartile Deviation Dispersion when measured on basis of average deviation from some measure of central tendency. The well known measures are The Mean/average deviation The Standard Deviation and The Coefficient of variation and The Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve All the tools are discussed in details below one after the other. THE RANGE: The range is the simplest measure of the dispersion. The range is defined as the difference between the highest value and the lowest value of the series. Range as a measure of variation is having limited applicability. It is widely used for weather forecasting by the meteorological departments. It also used in statistical quality control. Range is a good indicator to measure the fluctuations in price change like that of studying the variations in the price of shares and debentures and other related matters. Following is the procedure of calculating range: Range= value of the highest observation (H) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" value of the lowest observation (L) or Range = H à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" L Advantages of Range: Range is the simplest of obtaining dispersion. It is easily understandable and can be interpreted easily. It requires fewer times to obtain the variation in the series. Disadvantages of Range: As it considers only two extreme values, hence it doesnt include all the observations of the series. It fails to tell any thing about the characteristics of a distribution It is having very limited scope of applicability Having no mathematical treatment THE INTER-QUARTILE RANGE OR QUARTILE DEVIATION: A second measure of dispersion is the inter-quartile range which takes into account the middle half i.e., 50% of the data thus, avoiding the problem of extreme values in the data. Hence it measures approximately how far from the median one must go on either side before it can be include one-half the values of the data set. Inter-quartile range can be calculated by dividing the series of observations into four parts; each part of the series contains 25 percent of the observations. The quartiles are then the highest values in each of these four parts, and the inter-quartile range is the difference between the values of the first and the third quartile. Following are the steps of calculating the inter-quartile range: Arrange the data of the series in ascending order. Calculate the first quartile which is denoted as (Q1) by using the formula In case of grouped data the first quartile (Q1) can be calculated by using the formula Where N= number of observations in the series i.e., the sum of frequencies, L = lower limit of the quartile class, p.c.f. = commutative frequency prior to the quartile class, f = frequency of the quartile class and i = class interval. Quartile class can be determined by using the formula. Calculate the third quartile which is denoted as (Q3) by using the formula in case of ungrouped data. In case of grouped data the third quartile (Q3) can be calculated by using the formula Where N= number of observations in the series i.e., the sum of frequencies, L = lower limit of the quartile class, p.c.f. = commutative frequency prior to the quartile class, f = frequency of the quartile class and i = class interval. Quartile class can be determined by using the formula. THE MEAN/AVERAGE DEVIATION: Mean/average deviation is the arithmetic mean of the difference of a series computed from any measure of central tendency i.e., either deviation from mean or median or mode. The absolute values of each observation are calculated. Clark and Schekade opine mean deviation or average deviations as the average amount of scatter of the items in a distribution from either the mean or the median, ignoring the signs of the deviations. Thus the average that is taken of scatter is an arithmetic mean, which accounts for the fact that this measure is often called as mean deviation or average deviations. Calculations of Mean Deviation in case of Discrete Series: In case of discrete series, mean deviation can be calculated through following steps The first step is to calculate the mean or median or mode of the given series Compute the deviations of the observations of the series from the calculated mean or median or mode. This deviation is also denoted as capital letter D and is always taken as mod value i.e., ignoring the plus or minus sign. Take the summation of the deviations (sum of D) and divide it by number of observations (N). In the same way one can calculate mean deviation from median or mode in case of individual series. Calculations of Mean Deviation in case of discrete series: Mean deviation can be calculated in case of discrete series in a little bit different way. Following are some steps to calculate the average mean when the series is discrete. The first step is to calculate the mean or median or mode of the given series by using the formula as discussed in the previous chapter. Compute the deviations of the observations of the series from the calculated mean or median or mode value. This deviation is also denoted as capital letter D and is always taken as mod value i.e., ignoring the plus or minus sign. Multiply the corresponding frequency with each deviation value i.e., calculate f * D. Similarly, one can calculate the mean deviation or average deviation by taking deviations from median or mode. Calculations of Mean Deviation in case of continuous series: The first step is to calculate the mean or median or mode of the given series by using the formula as discussed in the previous chapter. In the second step, get the mid values of the observations (m) Compute the deviations of the observations of the series from the calculated mean or median or mode value. This deviation is also denoted as capital letter D = m mean or median or mode and is always taken as mod value i.e., ignoring the plus or minus sign. Multiply the corresponding frequency with each deviation value i.e., calculate f * D. Take the summation i.e., (sum of D) and divide it by number of observations (N). The formula may be Advantages of mean deviation: The computation process of mean deviation is based on all the observations of the series. The value of mean deviation is less affected by the extreme items. These are three alternatives available with the researcher while calculating the mean. One can consider the mean or median or mode. Hence it is more flexible in calculation. Disadvantages of mean deviation: The practical usefulness of mean deviation is very less. Mean deviation is not having enough scope for further mathematical calculations. Mod values are considered while calculating the mean deviation. It is criticized by some experts as illogical and unsound. THE STANDARD DEVIATION: Standard deviation or other wise called as root mean square deviation is the most important and widely used measure of variation. It measures the absolute variation of a distribution. It is the right measure that highlights the spread of the observation over and around the mean value. The greater the rate of variation of observations in a series, the greater will be the value of standard deviation. A small value of standard deviation implies a high degree of homogeneity among the observations in the series. If there will be a comparison between two or more standard deviations of two or more series, than it is always advisable to choose that series as ideal one which is having small value of standard deviation. Standard deviation is always measures from the mean or average value of the series. The credit for introducing this concept in the literature goes to Karl Pearson, a famous statistician. It is denoted by the Greek letter (pronounced as sigma) Standard deviation is calculated in following three different series: Standard deviation in case of Individual series Standard deviation in case of Discrete series Standard deviation in case of Continuous series All the above conditions are discussed in detail below. a. Standard deviation in case of individual series: In case of individual series, the value of standard deviation can be calculated by using two methods. Direct method- when deviations are taken from actual mean Short-cut method- when deviations are taken from assumed mean 1. Direct method- when deviations are taken from actual mean: Following are some steps to be followed for calculating the value of standard deviation. The first step is to calculate the actual mean value of the observation In the next column calculate the deviation from each observation i.e., find out () where is the mean of the series. In the next column calculate the square value of the deviations and at the end of the column calculate the sum of the square of the deviations i.e., Divide the total value with the number of observations (N) and than square root of the value. The formula will be . Since the series is having individual observations, some times it so happens that there is no need of taking the deviations. In such a case the researcher can directly calculate the value of the standard deviation. The formula for calculating directly is . 2. Short-cut method- when deviations are taken from assumed mean: In practical uses it so happens that while calculating standard deviation by using the arithmetic mean, the mean value may be in some fractions i.e., .25 etc. This creates the real problem in calculating the value of standard deviation. For this purpose, instead of calculating standard deviation by using the above discussed arithmetic mean methods, researchers generally prefer the method of short-cut which is nothing rather calculation of standard deviation by assuming a mean value. Following are some steps that to be followed for calculating standard deviation in case of assumed mean method: The first step is to assume a value from the X values as mean. This mean value is denoted as A. In the next step deviations are to be calculated from this assumed mean as (X-A) and this value is denoted as D. At the end of the same column, the sum of D () is to be calculated. Calculate the square of each observation of D i.e., calculate. The following formula is to be used to calculate standard deviation of the series. where N is the number of observations in the series. b. Standard deviation in case of discrete series: Discrete series are the series which are having some frequencies or repetitions of observations. In case of a discrete series standard deviation is calculated by using following three methods: when deviations are taken from actual mean when deviations are taken from assumed mean Following are the detailed analysis of the above the two methods. 1. When deviations are taken from actual mean: The steps to calculate standard deviation when deviations are calculated from the actual mean are The first step is to calculate the actual mean value of the observation In the next column calculate the deviation from each observation i.e., find out () where is the mean of the series, this can be denoted as D. In the next column calculate the square value of the deviations and at the end of the column calculate the sum of the square of the deviations i.e., Multiply corresponding frequencies of each observation with the value of D2 in the next column. Divide the total value with the number of observations (N) and than square root of the value. The formula will be 2. When deviations are taken from assumed mean: The steps to calculate standard deviation when deviations are calculated from the actual mean are The first step is to assume a mean value from the observations In the next column calculate the deviation from each observation i.e., find out () where A is the mean of the series, this deviation can be denoted as D. In the next column calculate the square value of the deviations and at the end of the column calculate the sum of the square of the deviations i.e., Multiply corresponding frequencies (f) of each observation with the value of D2 in the next column. Use the following formula to calculate standard deviation c. Standard deviation in case of Continuous series: Standard deviation in case of a continuous series can be calculated by using the following steps Calculate the mid value of the series and denote it as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"m. Assume any value from the mid values and denote it as A Deviations can be calculated from each series i.e., calculate m à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A and than divide it with the class interval value (i) i.e., Multiply the corresponding frequencies of each observation with the deviation value and take the sum at the end of the column i.e., calculate In the next column square the deviation values of each observation i.e., calculate Multiply the value of with its frequencies i.e., calculate Use the following formula to get standard deviation. Properties of standard deviation: As tool of variance, standard deviation is used as a good measure of interpretation of the scatteredness of observation of a series. It is a fact that in a normal distribution approximately 68 per cent of the observations of a series lies less than standard deviation away from the mean, again approximately 95.5 per cent of the items lie less than 2 standard deviation value away from the mean and in the same way 99.7 per cent of the items lie within 3 standard deviations away from the mean. Hence covers 68.27 per cent of the items in a series with normal distribution. covers 95.45 per cent of the items in a series with normal distribution and covers 99.73 per cent of the items in a series with normal distribution. Advantage of Standard Deviation: Following are some advantages of standard deviation as a measure of dispersion This is the highest used technique of dispersion. It is regarded as a very satisfactory measure of the dispersion of a series. It is capable of further mathematical calculations. Algebraic signs are not ignored while measuring the value of standard deviation of a series. It is less affected by the extreme observations of a series. The coefficients make the standard deviation very popular measure of the scatteredness of a series. Disadvantages of standard deviation: The disadvantages are It is not easy to understand the concept easily and quickly. It requires a good exercise to calculate the values of standard deviation. It gives more weight to observations which are away from the arithmetic mean. THE COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION: Another useful statistical tool for measuring dispersion of a series is coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation is the relative measure of standard deviation which is an absolute measure of dispersion. This tool of dispersion is mostly used in case of comparing the variability two or more series of observation. While comparing, that series for which the value of the coefficient of variation is greater is said to be more variable (i.e., the observations of the series are less consistent, less uniform, less stable or less homogeneous). Hence it is always advisable to choose that series which is having less value of coefficient of variation. The value of coefficient is less implies more consistent, more uniform, more stable and of course more homogeneous. The value of coefficient of variation is always measured by using the value of standard deviation and its relative arithmetic mean. It is denoted as C.V., and is measured by using simple formula as discussed below: In practical field, researchers generally prefer to use standard deviation as a tool to measure the dispersion than that of coefficient of variance because of a numbers of reasons (researchers are advised to refer any standard statistics book to know more on coefficient of variance and its usefulness). GINI COEFFICIENT AND THE LORENZ CURVE: An illuminating manner of viewing the Gini coefficient is in terms of the Lorenz curve due to Lorenz (1905). It is generally defined on the basis of the Lorenz curve. It is popularly known as the Lorenz ratio. The most common definition of the Gini coefficient is in terms of the Lorenz diagram is the ratio of the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of equality, to the area of the triangle OBD below this line (figure-1). The Gini coefficient varies between the limits of 0 (perfect equality) and 1 (perfect inequality), and the greater the departure of the Lorenz curve from the diagonal, the larger is the value of the Gini coefficient. Various geometrical definitions of Gini coefficient discussed in the literature and useful for different purposes are examined here. CONCLUSION: The study of dispersion will enables us to know whether a series is homogeneous (where all the observations remains around the central value) or the observations is heterogeneous (there will be variations in the observations around the central value Hence it can be said that a measure of dispersion describes the spread or scattering of the individual values of a series around its central value. For this there are a numbers of methods to determine the variations as discussed in this chapter. But it is always confusing among the researchers that which method is the best among the different techniques that we have discussed? The answer to this question is very simple and says that no single average can be considered as best for all types of data series. The most important factors are the type of data available and the purpose of investigation. Critiques suggest that if a series is having more extreme values than standard deviation as technique is to be avoided. On the other hand in case of more skewed observations standard deviation may be used but mean deviation needs to be avoided where as if the series is having more gaps between two observations than quartile deviation is not an appropriate measure to be used. Similarly, standard deviation is the best technique for any purpose of data. SUMMERY: The study of dispersion will enables us to know whether a series is homogeneous (where all the observations remains around the central value) or the observations is heterogeneous (there will be variations in the observations around the central value). Dispersion when measured on basis of the difference between two extreme values selected from a series of data. The two well known measures are (i) The Range and (ii) The Inter-quartile Range. Dispersion when measured on basis of average deviation from some measure of central tendency. The well known measures are (i) The Mean/average deviation, (ii) The Standard Deviation, (iii) The Coefficient of variation and (iv) The Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve The range is defined as the difference between the highest value and the lowest value of the series. Range as a measure of variation is having limited applicability. The inter-quartile range measures approximately how far from the median one must go on either side before it can be include one-half the values of the data set. Mean/average deviation is the arithmetic mean of the difference of a series computed from any measure of central tendency i.e., either deviation from mean or median or mode. The absolute values of each observation are calculated. A small value of standard deviation implies a high degree of homogeneity among the observations in the series. If there will be a comparison between two or more standard deviations of two or more series, than it is always advisable to choose that series as ideal one which is having small value of standard deviation. Standard deviation is always measures from the mean or average value of the series. The coefficient of variation is the relative measure of standard deviation which is an absolute measure of dispersion. This tool of dispersion is mostly used in case of comparing the variability two or more series of observation. The most common definition of the Gini coefficient is in terms of the Lorenz diagram is the ratio of the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of equality, to the area of the triangle below the equality line. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS: 1. Age of ten students in a class is considered. Find the mean and standard deviation. 19, 21, 20, 20, 23, 25, 24, 25, 22, 26 The following table derives the marks obtained in Statistics paper by 100 students in a class. Calculate the standard deviation and mean deviation. The monthly profits of 150 shop keepers selling different commodities in a city footpath is derived below. Calculate the mean, mean deviation and standard of the distribution. The daily wage of 160 labourers working in a cotton mill in Surat cith is derived below. Calculate the range, mean deviation and standard of the distribution. Calculate the mean deviation and standard deviation of the following distribution. What do you mean by measure of dispersion? How far it helpful to a decision-maker in the process of decision making? Define measure of Dispersion? Among the various tools of dispersion which tool according to you is the best one, give suitable reason of your answer. What do you mean by measure of dispersion? Compare and contrast various tools of dispersion by pointing out their advantages and disadvantages. Discuss with example the relative merits of range, mean deviation and standard deviation as measures of dispersion. Define standard deviation? Why standard deviation is more useful than other measures of dispersion? The data derived below shows the ages of 100 students pursuing their master degree in economics. Calculate the Mean deviation and standard deviation. Following is the results of a study carried out to determine the number of mileage the marketing executives drove their cars over a 1-year period. For this 50 marketing executives are sampled. Based on the findings, calculate the range and inter-quartile range. In an enquiry of the number of days 230 patients chosen randomly stayed in a Government hospital following after operation. On the basics of observation calculate the standard deviation. Cars sold in small car segment in November 2009 at 10 Maruti Suzuki dealers in Delhi city is explained below. Compute the range, mean deviation and standard deviation of the data series. Following is the daily data on the number of persons entered through main gate in a month to institute. Calculate the range and standard deviation of the series. Calculate the range and coefficient of range of a group of students from the marks obtained in two papers as derived below: Following are marks obtained by some students in a class-test. Calculate the range and coefficient of range. By using the direct and indirect method, calculate the mean deviation by using both arithmetic mean and mode from the following data set which is related to age and numbers of residents of Vasundara apartment, Gaziabad. A local geezer manufacturer at Greater Noida has developed a new and chief variety of geezers which are meant of lower and middle income households. He carried out a survey in some apartments asking the expectations of the customers that they are ready to invest on purchase of geezer. Calculate the standard deviation of the series. Calculate median of the following distribution. From the median value calculate the mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation. Calculate median of the following distribution. From the median value calculate the mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation. Calculate the arithmetic average and standard deviation from the following daily data of rickshaw puller of Hyderabad City. From the students of 250 candidates the mean and standard deviations of their total marks were calculated as 60 and 17. Latter in the process of verification it is found that a score 46 was misread 64. Recalculate the correct mean and standard deviation. The wage structure paid on daily basis of two cotton factories are derived below. In order to show the inequality, draw the Lorenz curve. Total marks obtained by the students in two sections are derived below. By using the data draw a Lorenz curve. Draw the Lorenz curve of the following data. Find the range and co-efficient of range for the following data set. The height of 10 firemen working in a fire station are 165, 168, 172, 174, 175, 178, 156, 158, 160, 179 cms. Calculate the range of the series. Now let that the tallest and the shortest firemen are get transformed from the fire station. Calculate the range of the new firemen. What percentage change is found in the earlier range and the latter range? Calculate the quartile deviation from the following derived data. Calculate the interquartile range, quartile deviation and its coefficient for the following data series. Calculate the mean deviation from the following data. Calculate the mean deviation from median and mean for the following series. The distribution derived below reveals the difference in age between husband and wife in a community. Based on the data, calculate mean deviation and standard deviation. Calculate the standard deviation and mean deviation of the following distribution of workers. Calculate the standard deviation and mean deviation of the following distribution of workers. By using the Lorenz curve, compare the extent of inequalities of income distribution between mentioned two groups of persons. Calculate the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation from the following data series. calculate the mean deviation and standard deviation from the mode of the following data. Find out standard deviation from the following data. The data derived below contains the fat contents per gram of 25 chicken burgers from a fast-food shop.